Communicative Approach Free Essays

Open Language Teaching (CLT) and the Post - Method Era POSTED BY TEACHING ENGLISH 4 ALL ? APRIL 22, 2011 ? 4 COMMENTS FILED UNDER  ADVANTAGES, CLT, COMMUNICATIVE, DISADVANTAGE, LANGUAGE, TEACHING, TEACHING ENGLISH Background The starting points of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) are to be found in the adjustments in the British language encouraging convention dating late 1960s. Up to that point, circumstance of Language Teaching spoke to the significant British way to deal with showing English as unknown dialect. In situational language educating, language was instructed by rehearsing essential structure in important circumstance based exercises. We will compose a custom paper test on Informative Approach or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Be that as it may, similarly as the phonetics hypothesis basic sound Lingualism was dismissed in the assembled state in the mid-1960s, British applied etymologists started to raise doubt about the hypothetical suppositions fundamental Situational Language Teaching. Basic to all variant of Communicative Language Teaching is a hypothesis of language training that stars from an informative model of language and language use, and that tries to make an interpretation of this into structure for an instructional framework, for material, for educator and student jobs and practices, and for homeroom exercises and procedure. Let’s perceive how this is showed at the degrees of approach, plan, and technique. Approach The Communicative Approach in language showing begins from a hypothesis of language as correspondence. The objective of language instructing is to create open ability (Richards Rodgers, 2001:159). Another phonetic hypothesis of correspondence supported in CLT is Halliday’s useful record of language use. Semantic is worried about the portrayal of discourse demonstrations of writings, since just through investigation of language being used are largely the capacity of language and hence all segments of significance brought into center. Structures These are a few contemplations to make structures in open methodology: 1. Goals Piepho (in Richards Rodgers, 2001:162) talks about the accompanying degrees of targets in an informative methodology: a. an integrative and substance level (language as a methods for articulations) b. a phonetics and instrumental level (language as a semiotics framework and an object of learning) c. a compelling degree of relational relationship and lead (language as a methods for communicating esteems and decisions about oneself as well as other people) d. a degree of individual adapting needs ( medicinal learning dependent on blunder investigation) f. general instruction level of extra-semantics objectives (language learning inside the school educational program) 2. The Syllabus Discussion of schedule hypothesis and prospectus models in informative Language educating has been broad. Wilkins’s unique notional prospectus model was before long censured by British applied etymology as only supplantin g one sort of rundown (e. g. , a rundown of sentence structure things) with another (a rundown of ideas and capacities). It indicated items, instead of open procedures. There are a few proposition and models for what a schedule may resemble in Communicative Language Teaching. Yalden (1983) in Richards Rodgers (2001:164) depicts the significant current open prospectus type. Richard Rodgers sum up a changed form of Yalden’s arrangement of open prospectus type as follow: 3. Kinds of Learning and Teaching Activities The scope of activity types and exercises good with an open methodology is boundless, given that such activities empower students to achieve the informative destinations of the educational program, draw in students in correspondence, and require the utilization of such open procedures as data sharing, exchange of significance, and association. 4. Learner’s Role Talking about student job, Breen and Candlin in Richards Rodgers (2001:166) depict the learner’s job inside CLT is as mediator between oneself, the learning procedure, and the object of learning, rises up out of and collaborates with the job of joint arbitrator inside the gathering and inside the study hall method and exercises which the gathering embraces. 5. Teacher’s Role According to Breen and Candlin in Richards Rodgers (2001:167) that instructor has two primary jobs in CLT. In the first place, to encourage the correspondence procedure between all members in the study hall, and between these members and the different exercises and text. Second, to go about as an autonomous member inside the picking up educating gathering. Different jobs expected for educators are need expert, instructor, and gathering process supervisor. 6. The Role of Instructional Materials A wide assortment of materials have been utilized to help open ways to deal with language educating. Experts of Communicative Language showing view materials as a method of impacting of nature of study hall collaboration and language use. Richards Rodgers consider three sorts of materials as of now utilized in CLT, they are: text-based materials, task-based materials, and realia. System Since informative standards can be applied to the educating of any aptitude, at any level, and in view of the wide assortment of study hall exercises and exercise types talked about in the writing on open Language Teaching, depiction of average homeroom strategies utilized in an exercise dependent on CLT standards is no attainable. Finocchiaro and Brumfit offer an exercise diagram for showing the capacity â€Å" making a proposal â€Å" for the student in the first place level of optional school program that recommends that CLT techniques are transformative as opposed to progressive : 1. Introduction of a concise discourse or a few little exchanges 2. Oral act of every expression of the exchange section to be introduced that day 3. Question and answer dependent on the discourse subject. 4. Question and answer identified with the student’s individual experience 5. Study one of the fundamental informative articulation in discourse. 6. Student revelation of speculations or rules fundamental the utilitarian articulation 7. Oral acknowledgment, interpretative exercises 8. Oral creation exercises continuing from guided to more liberated correspondence exercises 9. Replicating of the discourse or modules on the off chance that they are not in the class text 10. Examining of the composed schoolwork task 11. Assessment of learning. Qualities of Communicative Methodology According to Johnson in Richards Rodgers, (2001:173) there are five center attributes that underlie current utilizations of open strategy. They are: 1. Propriety: Language utilized mirrors the circumstances of its utilized and should be fitting to that circumstance relying upon the setting, the jobs of members, and reason for the correspondence. 2. Message center: Learners should have the option to make and get messages, that is, genuine implications. Henceforth the attention on data sharing and data move in CLT exercises. . Psycholinguistic preparing: CLT exercises try to connect with students in the utilization of intellectual and different procedures that are significant factors in second language securing. 4. Hazard taking: Learners are urged to make surmises and gain from their blunders. By going past what they have been educated, they are urged to utilize an assortment of correspondence techniques. 5. Free practice: CLT supports the utiliz ation of â€Å"holistic practice† including the concurrent utilization of an assortment of sub-aptitudes, instead of rehearsing singular abilities each piece in turn. Difficulties to the Use of CLT Maybe the most genuine test to the spread of CLT originates from educator outside of the Inner Circle who addresses the propriety of the methodology for their specific instructing setting. Probably the most punctual investigation which give proof of the test is an overview of Chinese college educators embraced by Burnaby and Sun (in McKay, 2002:113). The Chinese instructors in the investigation accepted that though CLT would be fitting for Chinese understudies who proposed to go to English talking nations, an accentuation on perusing and interpretation would best address the issue of numerous English language students in China. Then, Li (in McKay, 2002:113) interviews Korean auxiliary teachers on the troubles engaged with executing CLT exhibits comparative issues. Li’s study uncovered three wellsprings of trouble in utilizing CLT. The main originates from the instructive framework itself where enormous classes, language based assessments, deficient subsidizing, and absence of help for educator training subverts the usage of this methodology. Second, the students’ low English capability, absence of inspiration for creating informative skill, and protection from class investment makes it hard to utilize CLT. At last, the educators accept that their own deficiencies add to the issue. They feel that their insufficiency in communicated in English and sociolinguistic capability, alongside their absence of significant preparing and restricted chance to create materials, include their troubles. Medgyes, a Hungarian instructor teacher, has different worries about CLT. Points of interest and Disadvantages of CLT 1. Focal points Open showing accentuation on â€Å"task-situated, understudy centered† language showing practice, solicited to show the life from the genuine needs of the English language to reenact an assortment of life settings, enthusiastic, and to give understudies far reaching utilization of English language, for correspondence of chances, its center isn't just a language in the structure, linguistic exactness, more accentuation on the propriety of language use, plausibility, relational abilities, just as preparing understudies in informative exercises in the strain and critical thinking capacity. In particular, the informative methodology of educating has the accompanying three points of interest: (1) The cooperation among understudies and educators. Informative instructing is becom

Media Influence essays

Media Influence articles As innovation advances and media decisions increment, youngsters create unconstructive social, learning, and wellbeing propensities that numerous guardians are extraordinarily unconscious of. Guardians dont understand that the measure of time youngsters spend devouring the media is second most to whatever else kids do, other than rest (Dunnewind, A1). Youngsters today go through over four hours daily either sitting in front of the TV, fiddling on the PC, or playing computer games (Vanderkam, A1). It is assessed that by secondary school graduation, youngsters will have invested more energy before the screen than in the study hall (). Research demonstrates that todays media has assumed a huge job in molding childrens lives, and guardians certainly need to give more worry to this issue. The broad communications has various manners by which it triggers childrens psyches and propensities. Guardians used to just need to stress over the impacts of TV on their kids. Presently they need to stress over the advances in TV alongside DVD players, recordings, Nintendo, playstation, PC games, and Internet (Dunnewind, A1). By and large, the American youngster develops at home with two TVs, two VCRs, three cassette decks, two CD players, one computer game framework, and one PC (Dunnewind, A1). TV is the presumably the most grounded type of media. It contains notices, savagery, sexuality, and one-sided or bogus proclamations that most youngsters will in general accept (). Around thirty-five percent of youngsters between the ages of five and seven accept that TV plugs consistently come clean (Liebert and Sprafklin, 170). The Internet is likewise a solid type of media that can effectsly affect youngsters. On the off chance that kids are left unaided, they can be presented to sexual or vicious commercials on the Internet, which can persuade that sex and savagery arent terrible (). Computer games additionally strongly affect youngsters a... <! Media Influence articles As innovation advances and media decisions increment, kids are creating unconstructive social, learning, and wellbeing propensities that numerous guardians are significantly unconscious of. Guardians dont understand that the measure of time kids spend devouring media is second most to whatever else youngsters do, other than rest (Dunnewind, A1). Youngsters today go through over four hours daily either sitting in front of the TV, playing on the PC, or playing computer games (Vanderkam, A1). It is assessed that by secondary school graduation, young people will have invested more energy before the screen than in the study hall (Children and the media). Research demonstrates that todays media assumes a noteworthy job in forming childrens lives. The broad communications triggers childrens brains and propensities from various perspectives. Guardians used to just need to stress over the impacts of TV on their youngsters. Presently they need to stress over the advances in TV alongside DVD players, Nintendo, Playstation, PC games, and the Internet (Dunnewind, A1). By and large, the American kid grows up at home with two TVs, two VCRs, three cassette decks, two CD players, one computer game framework, and one PC (Dunnewind, A1). Most importantly, TV is likely the best type of media. It contains commercials, viciousness, sexuality, and bogus explanations that most youngsters will in general accept (Children and the media). Around thirty-five percent of kids between the ages of five and seven accept that TV ads consistently come clean (Liebert and Sprafklin, 170). The Internet is likewise a solid type of media that can effectsly affect youngsters. On the off chance that youngsters are left unaided, they can be presented to sexual o r brutal substance on the Internet, which can give kids an inappropriate impression of sex and viciousness (Children and the media). Computer games likewise strongly affect kids and their psyches. Albeit most video... <!

5 Proven Persuasive Essay Topics

5 Proven Persuasive Essay TopicsTo get a good idea of the many persuasive essay topics to choose from, the writer will need to read several samples. This way, they can have an idea of what a persuasive essay topic is. The following suggestions are going to give you some ideas on some persuasive essay topics that will be helpful.Writing about the personal experience of a group of people is going to require a great deal of skill and knowledge about the subject matter. A writer that has been working in this field has a great deal of experience. Of course, one also needs to consider the kind of audience that they are writing for and their level of English.One persuasive essay topics that is very effective is one that focuses on how some individuals were changed by the teachings of a particular church. A writer may also write about how the beliefs and practices of a particular religion have affected their lives. It can include how the beliefs and practices have made their family and frien ds live a better life.In terms of style and structure, a good writer needs to do some research before writing. They should have an idea of how to format their articles. Readers should also look for it and be able to follow the main ideas of the article.A persuasive essay that is about a particular group of people will focus on the kind of person that the person is. It will talk about the kind of person that they are, where they come from, and what they believe in. Readers should look for the kind of problem that they are facing and how it has been overcome.There are some persuasive essay topics that are based on what group the writer has been involved with in the past. It will show the reader how the writer was able to make progress in the group, as well as what obstacles they have faced. It can also help the reader understand why the member of the group left the group and where they are now.A persuasive essay topic that focuses on social issues will likely be more successful than t hose that deal with some type of a business issue. They should write about the difficulties that people face when it comes to discrimination. They can discuss discrimination laws and how these laws are being enforced.All persuasive essay topics should be able to build up the author's argument. It will be beneficial to the writer if they can make the readers feel as though they have some support in their cause. This is a key factor to writing persuasive essays.

Puerto Rican Obituary By Pedro Pietri - 1185 Words

In â€Å"Puerto Rican Obituary† by Pedro Pietri, the author takes his readers on a journey of the oppressive life of a Puerto Rican immigrant. He describes a vicious cycle of stagnancy in which immigrants work endlessly without reward. Hopeful every day that the American dream they once imagined would come to fruition, but instead they are continually faced with trials and turmoil on every hand. Instead of uniting as a body to work towards greatness, the immigrants grow envious of each other, focusing on what they lack instead of the blessings that they currently attain. Contrary to the ideals of early immigrants, Pietri portrays Puerto Rico to be the homeland. The ideals of early immigrants have drastically changed throughout the development of America. Petri paints a completely different picture of America throughout his poem. Early immigrants describe an America that is welcoming, with endless opportunities, and a safe haven. Despite earlier depictions of the immigrant expe rience, these ideals are challenged because they weren’t integrated into society, were inadequately rewarded for hard work, and were disadvantaged due to their socioeconomic status. Immigrants came to America with hopes to be accepted and make an honest contribution to the country’s advancement. Instead they were ostracized and segregated. Pietri states, â€Å"thirty-thousand dollar home, the first spics on the block proud to belong to a community of gringos who want them lynched† (106-108). Although someShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Puerto Rican Obituary And Pedro Pietri967 Words   |  4 Pageswere not the only problem. Pedro Pietri’s Puerto Rican Obituary and Wanda Coleman’s South Central Los Angeles Death Trip, 1982 shed light on what minorities face, with some stylistic differences. Pietri’s Puerto Rican Obituary focuses on the problems that the Latino community faces. Although the poem focuses on Puerto Ricans living in New York City, the lifestyle and events can be generalized to Latinos across the United States. There are two major themes Pietri highlights in his poem. TheRead MorePuerto Rican Obituary by Pedro Pietri Essay598 Words   |  3 PagesIn Puerto Rican Obituary, the Puerto Rican people from New York City struggle to attain the â€Å"American Dream† a dream that is unreal. The American dream was intended for people of European descent, and sadly a cycle of Puerto Rican people overworked treated unfairly, were influenced by media symbols, and lived unfair housing system along with racial discrimination. Hence, the Puerto Rican community kept dreaming or died not accomplishing the American dream. Pietri points out, Puerto Rican’s were hardRead MoreLatino Assimilation to American Culture1291 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature that we can analyze how and why Latin Americans work to blend into American culture. One such scholar is Pedro Pietri, a Puerto Rican who came to New York with his family. Pietri’s family was one of thousands to move to New York in the nineteen-forties seeking wealth and a slice of the ‘American dream’. Pietri’s first and most significant piece, â€Å"Puerto Rican Obituary† gave a profound insight into what life was like for the so called Nuyoricans. Nuyoricans were considered second classRead MoreSocial Injustice: Invisibility and Suppression Among Minorities1254 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature takes a similar approach to grappling the injustices forced upon them by society. Author Pedro Pietri, examines the treatment of his race in his poem Puerto Rican Obituary. In this poem, Pietri, critically analyzes the mistreatment and underrepresentation of Hispanics in the American work force. Pietri claims, â€Å"[Hispanics are] Proud to belong to a community / of gringos who want them lynched† (Pietri lines 107-108).The poem trans lates the ironic shared dream among Hispanics: assimilation into

Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children Essay - 868 Words

Discipline is one of the basic things a child learns from his parents before he or she faces the outside world to learn more about life as a whole. Teaching this trait can depend on how the parent shows it to their child and how they explain the importance of having this trait both in and out of their homes. Misbehaving children cannot be avoided as they are curious little beings and they have a tendency to explore. But there are some parents, even teachers, who do not tolerate misbehaving and they resort to corporal punishments such as spanking to make sure the child never forgets how painful it is to misbehave as they will remember the punishment entailed to it and become more disciplined. However, not all children would understand the†¦show more content†¦Some may even pick up a trait or two that may they may take into heart and do to their own children (Marshall, 2002). The second reason why spanking should not be done to children is the fact that it is a form of child a buse. At the moment, countries are divided as to legalize corporal punishment or create a law saying it is illegal. In the book written by Abela (2007) for the Council of Europe, she notes that â€Å"spanking of children less than two years old increases the risk of severe physical injury and the child is unlikely to understand the connection between behavior and punishment.† Most parents tend to go overboard when disciplining their children, especially when they are very angry and have not subdued their anger. This then makes the child their venting medium to get rid of that anger and sometimes, they do not apologize and even forget why they have done the deed. Other parents tend to make this a habit and even if the child did nothing wrong, they would still continue spanking the child. Eventually, the parents may slowly abuse the child through pain and totally make the child’s life a complete hell. As a result, child becomes frail and suffers psychological problems. S ome countries, especially social services, use this as grounds to get the child away from the family and file cases of child abuse and physical injury that can lead to jail time if proven guilty. Spanking may also cause scarring and may be with the childShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe term corporal punishment is defined as the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior Seven nations Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Italy and Cyprus-have laws making it illicit for parents to utilize physical discipline on their children. Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in every one of the nations in Europe, South and Central America, China and JapanRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1708 Words   |  7 Pagesviewpoint on corporal punishment; some of the reviews take a look at who is most affected by corporal punishment in terms of focusing their lens on race, socio-economic status, gender, culture etc. Some also take a critical look at the advantages and disadvantages of corporal punishment. Some take a look at the widespread of corporal punishment in the US. Cases against corporal punishment and the effect of corporal punishment on children were also looked into. With all the different ways corporal punishmentRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1617 Words   |  7 Pagesof any child’s life is a huge determinate of what their future will turn out to be. Parenting styles are the normative prototypes that parents utilize to socialize and manage their children. Different parents employ different styles of discipline to ensure that their children develop to be all-rounded adults. Children who have been nurtured well by their parents turn up as self-regulated with disciplined behavior. Child discipline is thus a key parenting skill, and the choice of discipline styleRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children932 Words   |  4 PagesChildren and Corporal Punishment Punishing children has been one of the most controversial parenting topics this generation has seen. Physical punishment or corporal punishment is simple defined as the use of physical force with the purpose of initiating pain, but not wound, to teach the proper behavior of a child. Corporal punishment has been used for many centuries in schools and in homes but the use of such techniques have since decreased and are not being used in many places today. EvidenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children2225 Words   |  9 Pagesinternet that will point out the simple pros and cons of Corporal punishment. Many children psychologists state that violence will always produce violence, it will never reduce aggression. This is a generally accepted fact that has been proven and studied for decades. Will someone such as a child, not act out against an aggressor because of the natural drive to preserve their inherited material? There are usually four things that children who have experienced child abuse will do in later years. OneRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On School Children1251 Words   |  6 Pagesdistribute our findings so that all of the public cannot ignore the wholesale infliction of pain and suffering onto our school children, and the role â€Å"paddling† schools play in teaching our children that physically aggressive and coercive resolutions of conflict are legitimate. Contributing to the problem of violence by making children feel rejected and isolated, corporal punishment is unsafe in and of itself, but its discriminate application may be co-incident with problems unique to racial and genderRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children953 Words   |  4 Pagesmany views of the past relating to corporal punishment have changed significantly. During my readings I read things that instantly stood out to me. The first being how many issues and their solutions revolved around religion. John Wesley, was the foun der of the Methodist Movement, and he believed that children were born with sin and that it was the parental duty to discipline the unruly child, starting at an early age. During this time period, corporal punishment was a common practice. Wesley usedRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1860 Words   |  8 PagesReading/Writing L9 17 March 2015 Corporal Punishment by Spanking in Children Corporal punishment is hared way for children. According to Carol Bower, in the article Positive Discipline and a Ban on Corporal Punishment Will Help Stop Cycles of Violence. parents rely on corporal punishment on their children because violence is an acceptable way to solve problems. â€Å"The data showed that 57% of parents with children under 18 used corporal punishment, and 33% used severe corporal punishment in the form of beatings†Read MoreEssay on Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children1943 Words   |  8 Pagesspanking. Whichever terminology is used to help define corporal punishment, it all means the same. The very idea of physical discipline is based on an adult using his or her larger physique and power to intimidate and force someone much smaller and weaker into a state of compliance (Rathis, 2007). In the western culture, they publically frown at people who use their physical power to dominate someone smaller, yet when it comes to their children they take a pass, turn their heads, and call it spankingRead MoreThe Effects Of Parental Corporal Punishment On Children1499 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will explore published recent articles that talks about young children and their eyes being glued to screens. Many articles have different purposes of why children are so addict to an in motion screen, but Marcia Eckerd found the problem and solution to why this is a number one cause in our world today. There are creative ways in children that makes their mind wonder in a way to pay more attention to what is going on in the community and how to learn from it. Technology can

Bill of Rights - 1025 Words

Bill of Rights Amendments Paper Intro The United States is a country that was founded on the principle of freedom; it took the Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution to guarantee citizens freedom. The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments in the constitution; a document that outlines how the new American government would be created and operated. The Constitution was ratified in 1788 which was the start of protecting the interests of each citizen, two years later the Bill of Rights was proposed by congress and went into effect in 1791. It was designed to prevent the government from taking total power over citizens and to provide them with legal defenses. This essay will discuss the understanding of how†¦show more content†¦However, it was not until â€Å"the Voting Rights of 1965 that aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that denied blacks their right to vote under the 15th amendment† (The 15th Amendment: Ratification, 2012). This had to happen because despi te the amendment people were still using discriminatory practices against the blacks. There is a difference between the earlier amendments and the later ones because many of the earlier ones like the Bill of Rights were about civil liberties. The 19th through the 27th amendments dealt with political rights and technical issues. For example one of these amendments granted women the right to vote and some clarified the succession to the presidency and vice presidency. The later amendments work to increase political rights and to conform the details of our system of government. Conclusion Our individual rights are the most traditional and valued accomplishment of the United States, there are other states that are not entitled to have such rights. Each of the amendments are very important to how we live in today’s society; the first ten which is the Bill of Rights grants Americans their freedom. Our founding fathers had a vision on what they wanted America to become they laid the foundation for the constitution and allowed modification if necessary they knew that America would grow and the constitution would need adjustments; that is exactly whatShow MoreRelatedThe And The Bill Of Rights Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe two sources of rights and fundamental principles found in the United States’ legal system as outlined by the text. Liberties and Rights what are the different between the two. Both of these words are in the Declaration of Independences and the Bill of Rights. These two words always been blurred, when it comes to their distinction. H owever, in today laws the words used interchangeable. However, they do example two different kinds of guaranteed protections. Supreme Court Judge Felix FrankfurterRead MoreThe Importance Of The Bill Of Rights1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of the Bill of Rights Kelley R. Webster POLS 1111 Professor C. Whitaker Why is the Bill of Rights important? That is a very good question. Men of conventional wisdom that help constitute the Bill reveals the structural ideas to be integrated with the Constitution in a language of rights. States’ rights, majority rights, minority rights and individual rights. The last word says it all for me...Rights. The Bill of Rights are important because our civil liberties are importantRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights And The Constitution1530 Words   |  7 PagesBefore dealing with individual amendments I would like to deal with the entire Bill of Rights and the constitution itself. The framers of the Constitution were wary of ceding too much power to the federal government. They rightly believed many local citizens would never make it to the capital but would interact with local government, so the power should be kept at the most local level possible. It was impossible to foresee in 1791 a world with video conferencing, 24-hr news and the ability to flyRead MoreThe Bill of Rights Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the construction of American society. The Bill of Rights as one of the successful act in America, its importance position has never been ignored. The Bill of Rights was introduced by James Madison and came into effect on December 15, 1791. It has given the powerful support for the improvements of American society. The Bill of Rights has become an essential part in guaranteeing the further development of culture. The influence of The Bill of Rights can be easily found in its cultural revolutionizingRead MoreEssay on The Bill of Rights1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bill of Rights is a list of limitations on the power of the government. Firstly, the Bill of Rights is successful in assuring the adoption of the Constitution. Secondly, the Bill of Rights did not address every foreseeable situation. Thirdly, the Bill of Rights has assured the safety of the people of the nation. Successes, failures, and consequences are wha t made the Bill of Rights what they are today. Firstly, the Bill of Rights has guaranteed the adoption of the Constitution. James MadisonRead MoreBill of Rights Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Bill of rights† had been proposed as a follow up to Parliament’s original Habeas Corpus bill, which safeguarded personal freedom and liberty. Now just about every colony had a bill of rights, so James Madison suggested that if the United States was to survived as a a country it would need to have a set of rules versus thirtheen and every state would have the same rules. In 1789, James Madison proposed a series of legislative articles to the first United States congress, but the processes tookRead MoreEssay on Bill of Rights2853 Words   |  12 PagesThe Bill of Rights as it stands for the United States entered as a stems from a vow as promises so to speak was made by the Fathers of Confederation to the states during the effort for ratification of the Constitution in 1787-1788. Numerous states had created some conditions for their ratification; the appendage of amendments, which would assure citizen’s a safeguard like a safety net for their human rights in contrast to the central government and therefore the people had a rather remarkable circumstancesRead MoreThe Students Bill Of Rights968 Words   |  4 Pagesis doing her practicum has written a School Bill of Rights to give guide to the students, staff and parents as to what is appropriate behavior. The author supports this bill of rights because it provides a healthy environment for learning for the students. The author of this essay highly respects students’ bill of rights in the school. The students do not lose their constitutional rights when they come to school. Thus, they have First Amendment rights to express themselves. The democratic leaderRead MoreDefining The Bill Of Rights1075 Words   |  5 PagesDefining the Bill of Rights and Amendments to the Constitution Originally the Constitutional framers did not include a list of specific liberties. These liberties later would become a Bill of Rights. Many of the founding fathers did not believe it was necessary to spell out these individual liberties because they felt that the U.S. Constitution already made it clear what the limits on the government’s powers were. Soon it would become more evident that the Constitution didn’t go far enough in addressingRead More The Bill of Rights Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesBill of Rights We live in the 21st century, where most Americans mind their own business but take for granted our God given rights. Not only God given rights but also those established by our founding forefathers. This paper will illustrate and depict the importance of the original problems faced when adopting the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. It will discuss the importance of the first amendment, the due process of the 4th, 5th, 6th, and the 8th amendments. Last but not least the importance

Bull Rider Summary free essay sample

Layne and his mom have an argument about Layne joining the bull riding competition, because her mom didn’t want him to join in bull riding because of her husband who died in a bull riding competition and she don’t want that to happened to Layne, while Layne really wants to join bull riding because his dad has a dream of being a champion on bull riding competition and Layne wants to fulfill that dream for him. Questions: (Circle the best answer) 1) Why does Layne`s mom don`t want him to join the rodeo? a. Layne’s mom was afraid to lose him like his dad who died in a rodeo. b. Layne didn’t eat his vegetables. 2) What is their argument about? a. Layne’s wants a new ipad. b. Layne’s joining the bull riding competition 3) Why Layne wants to be a bull rider? a. For the girls who scream for his name when his bull riding. b. To fulfill his dad dreams. Chapter 2 Vocabulary Words: Trading The action of engaging in trade. Doubtful Feeling uncertain about something. Rodeo An exhibition or contest in which cowboys show their skill at riding broncos, roping calves, wrestling steers, etc. Corral A pen for livestock, esp. cattle or horses, on a farm or ranch. Arena A level area surrounded by seats for spectators, in which sports, entertainments, and other public events are held. Contractor A person or company that undertakes a contract to provide materials or labor to perform a service or do a job. Chute A sloping channel or slide for conveying things to a lower level Chute Fighter A rough stock animal that will not stand still and tries to fight the cowboy before he leaves the chute. Hornets A large stinging wasp that typically nests in hollow trees Summary: Terror and Layne goes to Kelvins arena where they meet Jana. Jana is Jack Kelvin’s daughter. Layne goes every time to Jana when her parents are not in the ranch to have some bull riding practice. When Layne was about to practice bull riding he met Rhino the brahma bull who has only one horn, Jana don’t want to give Rhino to Layne to ride on but Layne really wants to ride Rhino because he wants to challenge his skills to get better and Rhino was the perfect bull for it so Jana let him ride Rhino. While Layne was riding on Rhino he saw a man with red shirt. Question: (True or False) 1) Jana is Jack Kelvin’s daughter. TF 2) Jana wants Layne to ride Rhino. TF 3) Layne saw a man with black shirt while he was riding Rhino. TF Chapter 3 Vocabulary Words: Glimpse A momentary or partial view. Mauled Wound by scratching or tearing. Jackknife A knife with a folding blade. Blame Assign responsibility for a fault or wrong Stunned Knock unconscious or into a dazed or semiconscious state. Scrambling Move hurriedly or clumsily from or into a particular place or position. Uncurled Straighten or cause to straighten from a curled position. Gallop A very fast pace of running or moving. Scuff Scrape or brush the surface of against something. Muttered Say something in a low or barely audible voice, esp. in dissatisfaction or irritation. Summary: Layne fell off from Rhino, Layne was scrambling on his feet then Rhino get back at him and hit him then Layne has trying to get out of there as fast as he can but it was too late Rhino`s head slammed him back down to the ground. Then Terror and Jana help him out, Terror distract Rhino from getting back to Layne and Jana lock Rhino to his cage. Then the guy with the red shirt came to them it was Chase Kincaid Jana`s Grandfather. Chase and Layne have a conversation about Layne`s dad Jeff McQueen. Then Chase saw Layne`s wound and he wrap his wound using a handkerchief and Layne`s strip shirt. Question: (Fill in the blanks) 1) Layne’s father is ____________. 2) ________ And ________ are two things Chase used to cover Layne’s wound. 3) _______ distract Rhino from getting back to Layne. Chapter 4 Vocabulary Words: Blab Reveal secrets by indiscreet talk. Stumbling rip or momentarily lose ones balance. Steam Be or become extremely agitated or angry. Crumpled Become bent, crooked, or creased. Suspicious Having or showing a cautious distrust of someone or something. Stern Serious and unrelenting, esp. n the assertion of authority and exercise of discipline. Crease A line or ridge produced on paper or cloth by folding, pressing, or crushing it. Disgusted Cause to feel revulsion or profound disapproval. Ruined Cause great and usually irreparable damage or harm to have a disastrous effect on. Relief The alleviation of pain, discomfort, or distress Crumpled Becom e bent, crooked, or creased. Summary: Layne and Terror went back home and the next morning Layne’s mom goes to his room to pick up his dirty clothes he was very worried about what will be the reaction of his mom if she knows about what he did. His mom saw his shirt that has blood and she thought Layne got the blood on his shirt on his rugby practice then Layne was relief of his worries that his mom going to know about what he did. Question: (Fill in the blanks) 1) _____ is the sport Layne in the school. 2) To pick up Layne’s dirty ______ is the reason why his mom goes to his room. 3) Layne is worried about his _____ if she knows about what he did. Chapter 5 Vocabulary Words: Strolling Walk in a leisurely way. Wring Obtain (something) with difficulty or effort. Ambush A surprise attack by people lying in wait in a concealed position. Streaks A continuous period of specified success or luck. Static Lacking in movement, action, or change, esp. in a way viewed as undesirable or uninteresting. Limp Walk with difficulty, typically because of a damaged or stiff leg or foot. Sheepishly like or suggestive of a sheep in docility or stupidity or meekness or timidity. Scornful Feeling or expressing contempt or derision. Aces A person who excels at a particular sport or other activity. Gruffly If you describe someone as gruff, you mean that they seem rather unfriendly or bad-tempered. Summary: Layne talks about what he do in school and he was so nervous to go home, afraid of maybe his mom knows that he ride a bull and got hurt. Then he went home his mom was there but she has still no Idea about what he did so everything was all right. Then terror told him that Chase wants him to in the arena, so Layne and Terror go there and at first Layne thought that Chase will get his bull rope and then chase ordered Terror and Jana to get a couple of young bulls so they did. Then Chase told Layne that he were going to teach Layne to ride bulls as long as he can keep it a secret and Layne was so happy about it because his dad once told him that Chase was the best bull rider he ever known. Layne ask Chase Why will he teach him and Chase told him that he remember how tough being a kid that you want to do something so bad, but nobody thinks you’re old enough to handle it. Question: (True of False) 1) Layne’s mom has no idea about him riding a bull. TF 2) Chase called Layne to have a pizza in the arena. TF 3) Layne’s is nervous to go home because of his mom. TF Chapter 6 Vocabulary Words: Suddenly Quickly and unexpectedly. Suicide The action of killing oneself intentionally. Plunged Jump or dive quickly and energetically. Demanded Ask authoritatively or brusquely. Disposition A persons inherent qualities of mind and character. Supposed Generally assumed or believed to be the case, but not necessarily so. Argue Exchange or express diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way. Rhythm A persons natural feeling for such arrangement. Trudged Walk slowly and with heavy steps, typically because of exhaustion or harsh conditions. Cowboy A man, typically one on horseback, who herds and tends cattle, esp. in the western US and as represented in westerns and novels. Summary: Chase started to teach Layne how to ride a bull. But he noticed that Layne is holding his bull rope wrong and dangerously. Layne’s rope holding is called the suicide wrap it was thought to him by his dad. And Chase used this Idea to get on Layne’s head and make him mad. Layne ride the bull and he got no rhythm on what he was doing and hit the ground hard. Chase says he has no concentration on his riding and he was just mad about him. Then Layne fought back at him and he says he can just ride on his way. Then Chase walk away and Layne caught him back and ask if he try it again on his way and they continue on bull riding. Question: (Circle the best answer) 1) Chase teaches Layne __________. a. To drive a car. b. Ride a bull. 2) Layne’s style of holding a bull rope is ________. a. Killer wrap. b. Suicide wrap 3) Layne ride the bull and his got no _______. a. Rhythm. b. Hat. Chapter 7 Vocabulary Words: Blur Make or become unclear or less distinct. Grumping Act in a sulky, grumbling manner. Halfheartedly without enthusiasm or interest. Squawked Make a loud, harsh noise. Gleam Shine brightly, esp. with reflected light. Squealing Make such a cry or noise. Outburst A sudden release of strong emotion. Coast Act or make progress without making much effort. Growling Make a low guttural sound of hostility in the throat. Savages A member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized. Summary: Layne talks about the past few weeks of his bull riding practise and how he’s doing well. Layne’s mom has an announcement that their cousin Becky is getting married at July third which is the same date of the rodeo that Layne entered. Three days later Jana phoned him to go to the arena to get some practise but he must hurry because they don’t know if when Jana’s parents will be back. When Layne arrives at the arena the chute has already a bull and it was Rhino it’s time for their rematch at first Layne is excited about it but after a few seconds when he was on the back of Rhino he felt like he was afraid and shaky then right before Chase open the Chute Jana stop them because Jana’s parents arrive then Chase bring Rhino back to his coral with other bulls Chase said the Layne can Just try it next time. Question: (True of False) 1) Layne is doing well on his bull riding practise. TF 2) Layne’s cousin Charley is getting married. TF 3) Layne and Rhino have their rematch. TF Chapter 8 Vocabulary Words: Dawned Come into existence. Reluctantly Unwilling and hesitant; disinclined Paced Walk at a steady and consistent speed, esp. back and forth and as an expression of ones anxiety or annoyance. Roared Make a loud, deep, prolonged sound. Sputtered Make a series of soft explosive sounds, typically when being heated or as a symptom of a fault. Groan Make a deep inarticulate sound in response to pain or despair. Pleasant Giving a sense of happy satisfaction or enjoyment. Eased Make (something unpleasant, painful, or intense) less serious or severe. Lurch An abrupt uncontrolled movement, esp. an unsteady tilt or roll. Struggle Make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or constriction. Summary: July 3 is finally arrive Layne’s mom was about to leave and go to Edmonton for her niece wedding and before she leave she gave $50 for Layne to go to the rodeo. Layne was guilty not to tell her mom that he were going to ride a bull for the rodeo but he knows her mom is going to be really mad at her so he did not tell her mom. As Layne and Terror was about to leave Terror says that load Rambo to the trailer because she also entered for barrel racing at first Layne was mad at Terror because she don’t tell to their mom that she will enter the barrel race but after he thought about it he realized that he done the same thing so they load Rambo at the trailer but the trailer tire was flat. So they load him at the back of the track. When they were driving Layne was very careful not to take a sharp turn for Rambo then he noticed Rick Barker from his school that Rick and his friends were driving recklessly and above over the designated speed limit so Layne pull over and let them pass by but Rambo fell of the track and got hurt they call the vet to look at Rambo the vet says that Rambo should take bake home and give a plenty of rest. When they are home their mom called them Layne was so nervous that he will get in trouble for what happened if their mom’s will find out what to them so he lied that everything is fine and their mom told them that she will stay at Edmonton for the night because their aunt Bonnie says so. After their conversation Jana and Chase got into their house asking what happened to them and why they didn’t show up for the rodeo. Layne talks to Layne how sorry he was because all the effort of Chase of getting him ready for the rodeo is all waste but Chase laugh because he talks to the arena director and he owned him a favor that Layne’s ride is moved into tomorrow’s go-round and Layne becomes very Happy about it and he accept it. Question: (Fill in the blanks) 1) Layne’s mom goes to _____________ for her niece wedding. 2) Rambo fell of the truck and got ______. 3) Layne and Terror called the _________ to see how Rambo’s condition. Chapter 9 Vocabulary Words: Unwind Relax after a period of work or tension. Cursing Be afflicted with Eager Wanting to do or have something very much. Clenched Close into a tight ball, esp. when feeling extreme anger. Bronc Bronc riding, either saddle bronc or bareback bronc competition is a rodeo event that involves a rodeo participant riding on a horse (sometimes called a bronc or bronco), that attempts to throw or buck off the rider. Swerved Change or cause to change direction abruptly Wince Give a slight involuntary grimace or shrinking movement of the body out of or in anticipation of pain or distress. Freaked React or behave in a wild and irrational way, typically because of the effects of extreme emotion, mental illness, or drugs. Hauled Pull or drag with effort or force. Smearing Spread (a greasy, oily, or sticky substance) over something. Summary: Layne got to the rodeo ground he waits an hour before he could even find out which bull he drawn he got in the rodeo secretary Mrs. Henry and ask If he can find out which bull will he riding and paid his entry fee. And he got Rhino to be the bull to ride on there are 3 bull riders before him first one is Jason Thorne he was a good bull rider he finished his ride with 8 seconds and have 85 points, the second rider is Mark Greely he got fell off the bull he was riding really fast, third rider is Rusty Barnett and after the announcer called Rusty to start the ride Chase called Layne to get ready and get on the back on Rhino because his riding next. As Layne is sitting on the back of rhino he saw Rusty Barnett got hurt and he should have just let go of the bull but he can’t because Rusty is doing he suicide wrap he can’t get out his hand out of the rope so the clown on the arena distract the bull and help Rusty to get out. While Layne is Watching Rusty he remembered his dad because what happened to Rust it’s almost the same thing that happened to his dad. After Rusty`s ride Layne is next the announcer get the crowd to get calm for what they have seen about Rusty. Then while the announcer was introducing Layne Chase is yelling at him that to get off Rhino and he`s not going to ride but Layne ignore him and looked to the gate man and yelled Outside then the gate opened and Rhino has been unleashed to the chute he jump and spin left and right Layne manage to get still on Rhino but he fell down on the ground the Layne got back off to Rhino after the clowns got Rhino Layne saw his mother and they have a conversation then his mom forgive him for what he did and accept that Layne is a bull rider then his mom ugged him and the next thing he knew is there is Jana hugged him and give him a kiss then Terror was charging up for him he thought Terror will hug him too but instead Terror just punched him in the arm and says not bad and he looked over the fence to see Chase and he was just standing there and winked at Layne. THE END Question: (True or False) 1) Layne arrives to early at the arena. TF 2) Layne remember his dad while watching Rusty Barnett rid e. TF 3) Layne’s mom, Jana and Terror hugged him after his ride. TF Characters Layne McQueen Main Character of the story, Teen age boy who wants to follow the footsteps of his father Jeff McQueen to be a bull rider and join the rodeo and win the championship. Tara Terror McQueen Layne`s sister who help him to archive his goal. Jana Kelvin – Daughter of Jack Kelvin who owns the arena where Layne is always sneaking in to practice bull riding. Chase Kincaid – Jana`s grandfather and Trained Layne on Bull riding. Becky – Layne`s cousin. Bonnie – Layne`s aunt. Rick Barker – Layne`s classmate. Mr. Bowlen – Layne`s rugby Couch. Mrs. Henry – Rodeo secretary.

Cars Unique Types

Introduction Over the years, various types of cars have been developed. Manufacturing companies have designed and different types of cars to meet various consumer needs. However, there are three types of unique cars that have been marketed to meet specific consumer needs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Car’s Unique Types specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economy cars Characteristics: price and functionality Unique characteristic: Low price Example: Toyota corolla Sports cars Characteristics: Price and functionality Unique characteristic: enhanced handling and speed Example: PorscheAdvertising Looking for essay on land transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Luxury cars Characteristics: price and functionality Unique characteristics: Enhanced comfort and safety, status symbol. Example: Mercedes Benz S-Class Unique Cars There are numerous classes in which cars may be classified, however complete classification is hard to pin down as a car may fit into a range of classes, or not entirely meet the requirements of any class. Cars can be classified according to their size, performance, price, shape and mechanical specifications. There are generally three unique types of cars common to modern consumers: economy, sports and luxury cars. The most common type of car common in the market is the economy car. The economy car is designed and marketed in such a manner that the consumer can acquire it at a price much lower than the average cost of a new car. Economy cars vary with respect to profitability, size, performance and production numbers. During early production, most cars produced were expensive and could only be afforded by rich. However, production companies realized that they could boost up their profits by manufacturing affordable cars for the general population. The Model T car produced by Ford in 1908 became the first econom y car to be sold in the world. The first major characteristic of economy cars is that they have low prices. Economy cars are also usually small and the features of the car usually depend on the year of manufacture. They usually have the compulsory safety features such as safety belts but they may lack convenience features such as GPS systems and air conditioning. An example of an economy car is the Japanese Toyota Corolla which has sold more units than any other car in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Car’s Unique Types specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second type of unique cars is the sports car. Sports cars are vehicles designed to have better performance and power than normal cars. Many sports cars are designed for two passengers, have two doors and have sleek bodies. Originally, sports cars had small bodies however contemporary sports cars vary in size with many manufacturers increasing their seating room in order to enhance practicality. These types of cars are designed to do extremely well at maneuverability, acceleration, braking and top speed. The main distinguishing feature of sports cars is that the handling characteristics of these cars have been greatly improved. The driver is usually able to keep the car in control even under very difficult conditions. While a powerful engine is not a prerequisite, most sports cars do contain powerful engines. Sports cars are relatively expensive; much more expensive than economy cars and other typical cars common in the market. The Porsche Company is an example of a manufacturing company that has been linked with the production of unique sports cars designed to meet specific tastes and needs. As compared to other cars in the market, sports cars are intended to emulate sporting performance. The final type of unique cars common in the market is luxury or comfortable cars. These cars are designed to boost ease and comfort. T hese cars usually are geared for luxury and contain features that aim to achieve this goal. Luxury cars usually contain innovative equipments, greater performance and features designed to convey prestige or brand image. The principal characteristic of luxury cars is that they are designed for comfort far above typical cars. They usually contain features such as leather seats, custom dashboards, and anti-lock brakes. Modern luxury cars also offer better handling and performance but this is secondary to comfort and safety. Luxury cars are highly expensive and are usually targeted at wealthy buyers and collectors. The style of construction and technological features of luxury cars are such that they convey high class. As compared to the other cars common in the market, luxury cars are intended for comfort and to convey prestige and status of the owner. Mercedes Benz is a company that has been linked with the production of luxury cars including the Mercedes Benz S-Class model. Cars have evolved over the years to become an essential part of human life. There have been many types of vehicles designed over the years however three types of vehicles stand out in the contemporary market.Advertising Looking for essay on land transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economy, sports and luxury cars are vehicles designed for a particular group of consumers and vary in terms of price, functionality and embedded features. Consumer power, taste and preferences are essential elements in deciding the type of car one will buy and it is for these reasons that most manufacturers seek to design and produce these three types of vehicles. This essay on Car’s Unique Types was written and submitted by user William N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Target Costing Is A Tool Of The Cost Management Accounting Essays

Target Costing Is A Tool Of The Cost Management Accounting Essays Target Costing Is A Tool Of The Cost Management Accounting Essay Target Costing Is A Tool Of The Cost Management Accounting Essay Traditional criterion bing method follow general administrative, estimation of merchandise, distribution costs into consideration. In contrary, mark costing is demoing a more positive attack to pricing which is the pricing are consider prior to the production. For case, traditional bing set up a monetary value through identifies the cost based on the design of costs and adds a markup but in contrast, puting monetary value is the first measure of the mark costing. After puting a monetary value, minus the mark income and will making a cost. Target bing cut down the costs during the planning and design phase of the merchandise life rhythm since largely of the merchandise costs is identifies in the mark costing. Target bing reduces bing in the production phase and allocates more of the entire costs to the development at the development phase. Material demand planning, entire quality control, just-in-time are used in the cost cut downing procedure. Target bing method is suited for assembly oriented industries used which is medium to little volume production. hypertext transfer protocol: //maaw.info/ArticleSummaries/ArtSumSakurai89.htm Case survey The followers of the instance survey is show the procedure of determined mark bing utilizing production and cost figures PCBM, a Silicon Valley PCB maker, is offered $ 50 per unit for 100,000 units of a multi-layer panel merchandise by an electronic maker. Return on gross revenues of the PCBM s return on gross revenues ( ROS ) rate is 25 per centum, on this offer the coveted return is $ 1,250,000. Sum of the offer: $ 50 x 100,000 units = $ 5,000,000. Desired return: 0.25 ten $ 50 = $ 12.50 per unit. Offer: $ 12.50 x 100,000 = 1,250,000. Gross saless monetary value coveted return = allowable cost for production $ 50,00 $ 12,50 = $ 37.50 The allowable cost for this production of 100,000 units is $ 37.50 per unit, or $ 3,750,000 for the offer. The estimated cost Idaho calculated by the cost direction squad as $ 42.00 per unit, or $ 4,200,000 for the offer. The cost was estimated based on two solder mask sides requested, four beds petitions, board length, five images per panel, board-width, one constituent fable side, estimated output rate of 85 % , panel size, stuff cost per panel of $ 20.00. The impact of accepting the offer on the production program and the cost of entire production for the period was besides considered. The different between allowable cost ( $ 3,750,000 ) and the estimated cost ( $ 4,200,000 ) for the offer, which is adopted as the mark cost decrease: $ 4,200,000 $ 3,750,000= $ 450,000 Strive to extinguish the different of $ 450,000 started with the VE activities. VE activities should concentrate on the defect rate and stuff handling and buying after careful assessment for long hr by production supervisors, cost direction employee, procedure and merchandise applied scientists Propose betterment in public presentation by 35 % , which is estimated to cut down unit cost by $ 2 after a series of surveies and analyses of stuff garbages and other types of defect were performed. But, since the new mark bing induced direction program has been accepted by all supervisors and directors of the works suggestion were sharply implemented by the procedure and countries involved. Improvements in stuff handling were centered on cut downing stuff traveling distances between the point of usage point and having the bringings. Several moves were analyzed to cut down the distances. Simultaneously, the buying group of PCBM entered a long dialogue procedure with the providers, in order to carry them to take down their monetary values. Consequence of the betterment activities was cut downing of another $ 1 per unit cost. The combined decrease in cost per unit of $ 3, a sum of $ 300,000, brought the cost to $ 3,900,000. Although still higher than the allowable cost which is $ 150,000 ( $ 4,200,000 $ 3,900,000 ) , but the top direction thought this cut down cost is considerable. Further action Management asked the selling squad to look back the $ 50,00 merchandising monetary value after the successful execution of the mark bing undertaking. Since the client was satisfied with the quality of the merchandise, they were antiphonal to the petition by PCBM for a reappraisal of the $ 50,00 monetary value. The client s representative tried to warrant the just degree of the current monetary value by indicating out that no check home base border was required, which would cut down fabrication costs. Since PCBM had already designed and implemented an activity-based costing ( ABC ) system, it was instead easy to show the cost impact of each constituent. PCBM s ABC system, which had five procedure centres, indicated the undermentioned costs of options: The cost of solder mask option: $ 2,00 The cost of component fable option: $ 1.00 Since the client s PCBM did nt necessitate tab plating, so the ABC system response that no cost to charged for the check plating option. This helped PCBM earn credibleness from the client sing the monetary value quotation marks and at the terminal the client agreed to see a monetary value addition in the close hereafter. The Real Weapon The existent power of mark costing is that it allows companies to successfully actuate employees and implement cost direction action programs. Target costing is a disciplined attack to pull offing costs and bettering procedures and merchandises. Target costing, as briefly illustrated here, is besides really compatible with the emerging ABC, which can supply necessary cost information for implementing mark costing. And aim costing can be as effectual in U.S. industry, as it has been in Japan. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/old/14979931.htm

Feasibility Of Atomic Bombings In Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay

Feasibility Of Atomic Bombings In Hiroshima And Nagasaki - Essay Example This paper will look at the usage of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki from the perspective in three dimensions and stages, how it impacted the situation in present, near future and longer future. Scenario behind Hiroshima events: There was a built up towards the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing event, and it did not happen without a reason or in a fortnight, series of events led to the occurrence of this, and it can be said that the threat was in the atmosphere ever since 1942. Events like Peal Harbor and Mid way Island incident further ignited it and can be termed as the possible reasons towards Hiroshima and Nagasaki events. Short term outcomes: In short term, it lead to the victory of the allies, while the Normandy operation, Pearl Harbor were hall marks of recent days in the Second World War, and a solution was sought. Japan was going all guns and exploiting anything possible and in sight, thereby they had to be controlled. The single event of Pearl Harbor speaks for the type of offensive intentions they possessed. Their actions were indiscriminate on many fronts pertaining to the non military and civilian areas attacks. The consequence of using atomic bomb was total destruction of axis. Leaving them crippled. The atomic bomb was a death blow and a last nail in the coffin, which led to complete surrender in no time. this had a direct impact on the German moral, and their troops surrendered in no time. A warning to Nazis: The atomic bomb on Japan was a clear warning to Germany. If they did not halt their activities, Berlin, Frankfurt, would be the next target. Thereby this action had great repercussions and all to the... Scenario behind Hiroshima events: There was a built up towards the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing event, and it did not happen without a reason or in a fortnight, series of events led to the occurrence of this, and it can be said that the threat was in the atmosphere ever since 1942. Events like Pearl Harbor and Mid way Island incident further ignited it and can be termed as the possible reasons towards Hiroshima and Nagasaki events. Short term outcomes: In short term, it leads to the victory of the allies, while the Normandy operation, Pearl Harbor was hall marks of recent days in the Second World War, and a solution was sought. Japan was going all guns and exploiting anything possible and in sight, thereby they had to be controlled. The single event of Pearl Harbor speaks for the type of offensive intentions they possessed. Their actions were indiscriminate on many fronts pertaining to the non-military and civilian areas attacks. The consequence of using the atomic bomb was the total destruction of the axis. Leaving them crippled. The atomic bomb was a death blow and a last nail in the coffin, which led to complete surrender in no time. this had a direct impact on the German morale, and their troops surrendered in no time. A warning to Nazis: The atomic bomb on Japan was a clear warning to Germany. If they did not halt their activities, Berlin, Frankfurt, would be the next target. Thereby this action had great repercussions and all to the positives in terms of the Allies action and strategies.

Role of the scientist in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Essay

Role of the scientist in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein - Essay Example volved in these debates being waged, particularly as newspapers and other periodicals became more available thanks to the introduction of the printing press. These new media proved essential in introducing and maintaining widespread discourse in the political and social issues of the day, not just in the form of non-fiction news articles, but also in the form of fiction novels. â€Å"The Victorian novel, with its emphasis on the realistic portrayal of social life, represented many Victorian issues in the stories of its characters† (â€Å"The Victorian Age†, 2007). One of these debates was the question of the proper role of the scientist in the contemporary age, addressed in the novel Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley. In this novel, Victor Frankenstein, the main protagonist, stretches the bounds of technology to its limit takes the concept of new technology to its ultimate limit trying to overcome death by re-animating dead tissue, trying to create life on his own terms. The science of the past is criticized for its inability to produce on its premises just as the science of the present is criticized for its lack of imagination. â€Å"The ancient teachers of this science,’ said he [Frankenstein’s first professor], ‘promised impossibilities, and performed nothing. The modern masters promise very little; they know that metals cannot be transmuted, and that the elixir of life is a chimera† (Shelley, 1993: 40). However, there is also an upper end to how far science should strive. â€Å"Victor Frankenstein, the modern Prometheus seeks to attain the knowledge of the Gods, to enter the sphere of the creator rather than the created† (Bushi, 2002). Frankenstein envisioned himself creating a better human than the one created by God, presuming he could somehow circumvent the powers of nature established by God to impose the better, stronger and more economic powers of man. â€Å"The comment that seems evident in Frankenstein is that God has abandoned Man; the

You Are an Investment Analyst Essay Example for Free

You Are an Investment Analyst Essay History â€Å"Brad’s drink† was created in the summer of 1893 by pharmacist Caleb Bradham of New Bern, North Carolina. The drink was renamed Pepsi Cola in 1898, after pepsin and cola nuts were used in the recipe. Also in 1898, Caleb Bradham wisely bought the trade name Pep Cola for $100 from a competitor from Newark, New Jersey that had gone broke. The new name was trademarked on June 16th, 1903. Bradhams neighbor, an artist designed the first Pepsi logo and ninety-seven shares of stock for Bradhams new company were issued (Bellis, 2012). After seventeen years of success, Caleb Bradham lost Pepsi Cola. He had gambled on the fluctuations of sugar prices during W.W.I, believing that sugar prices would continue to rise but they fell instead leaving Caleb Bradham with an overpriced sugar inventory. Pepsi Cola went bankrupt in 1923. In 1931, Pepsi Cola was bought by the Loft Candy Company Loft president, Charles G. Guth who reformulated the popular soft drink. Guth struggled to make a success of Pepsi and even offered to sell Pepsi to the Coca-Cola company, who refused to offer a bid (Bellis, 2012). In May, 1886, Coca Cola was invented by Doctor John Pemberton a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. The soft drink was first sold to the public at the soda fountain in Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta on May 8, 1886. About nine servings of the soft drink were sold each day. Sales for that first year added up to a total of about $50. The funny thing was that it cost John Pemberton over $70 in expanses, so the first year of sales were a loss (Bellis, 2012). In 1887, another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, Asa Candler bought the formula for Coca Cola from inventor John Pemberton for $2,300. By the late 1890s, Coca Cola was one of America’s most popular fountain drinks, largely due to Candler’s aggressive marketing of the product. With Asa Candler, now at the helm, the Coca Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 4000% between 1890 and 1900. Until the 1960s, both small town and big city dwellers enjoyed carbonated beverages at the local soda fountain or ice cream saloon. Often housed in the drug store, the soda fountain counter served as a meeting place for people of all ages. Often combined with lunch counters, the soda fountain declined in popularity as commercial ice cream, bottled soft drinks, and fast food restaurants became popular (Bellis, 2012). Products and Services PepsiCo is a global food and beverage leader with a diverse product portfolio that includes 22 brands that each generate more than $1 billion each in annual retail sales. Pepsi-Cola North America is the refreshment beverage unit of PepsiCo, Inc., in the United States and Canada. Its U.S. brands include Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Sierra Mist, SoBe, AMP Energy, IZZE, Naked Juice, Propel, Mug, and Aquafina, among others. The company also makes and markets North America’s best-selling ready-to-drink iced teas and coffees, respectively, via joint ventures with Lipton and Starbucks (PepsiCo, 2012). Frito-Lay North America is the $13 billion convenient foods business unit of PepsiCo. For more than 75 years, Frito Lay has enjoyed growing the best snacks on earth starting with simple, farm-grown ingredients. To continue growing the best snacks on earth, they are working to reduce their impact on the environment by improving how they make their snacks. Frito-Lay is also dedicated to giving consumers a wider range of healthier choices. They offer great-tasting chips with less fat through their Baked! Line and snacks made only from natural ingredients, which contain no artificial colors, flavors or preservatives with their Natural line. All of their snack chips contain 0 grams of trans fat (PepsiCo, 2012). Tropicana Products, Inc., a division of PepsiCo, Inc., is the leading producer and marketer of branded fruit juices. Tropicana markets its products in the U.S. under a variety of brand names, including the Tropicana not-from-concentrate line of juices: Dole ® juices and juice blends; Tropicana ® Juices, Trop50 and Tropicana Twister ® juice beverages. The Dole brand name is licensed from Dole Food Company, Inc. (PepsiCo, 2012). Quaker brands have been around for over a century. They are symbols of quality, great taste, and nutrition. Holding No.1 positions in their respective categories are favorites such as Quaker Oats, Quake r Rice Cakes, Chewy Granola Bars and Rice-A-Roni ®. With its Aunt Jemima ® brand, Quaker is also a leading manufacturer of pancake syrups and mixes. It is among the four largest manufacturers of cold cereals with popular brands like Cap’n Crunch ® and Life ® (PepsiCo, 2012). Available in more than 80 countries, Gatorade’s line of performance drinks adds over 45 years of rehydration and sports nutrition research to the PepsiCo portfolio. In early summer of 1965, a University of Florida assistant football coach sat down with a team of university physicians and asked them to determine why so many of his players were being affected by heat and heat-related illnesses. The researchers Dr. Robert Cade, Dr. Dana Shires, Dr. H. James Free and Dr. Alejandro de Quesada soon discovered two key factors that were causing the Gator players to â€Å"wilt†: the fluids and electrolytes the players lost through sweat were not being replaced, and the large amounts of carbohydrates the players’ bodies used for energy were not being replenished (PepsiCo, 2012). The researchers then took their findings into the lab, and scientifically formulated a new, precisely balanced carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage that would adequately replace the key components lost by Gator players through sweating and exercise. They called their concoction â€Å"Gatorade.† After years of careful research by the staff at GSSI into the needs of athletes engaged in high-demand training and competition, Gatorade launched the Gatorade Performance Series, an elite line of sports nutrition products, in 2001. These products include Gatorade Energy Drink, Gatorade Energy Bar, and the Gatorade Nutrition Shake (PepsiCo, 2012). Four years later, after studying endurance athletes, GSSI developed the Gatorade Endurance Formula. Featuring a higher concentration of sodium the key electrolyte found in Original Thirst Quencher and four other electrolytes lost in sweat, Gatorade Endurance Formula became a mainstay on racetracks the world over (PepsiCo, 2012). The Coca-Cola Company is the world’s largest beverage company, refreshing consumers with more than 500 sparkling and still brands. Led by Coca-Cola, the world’s most valuable brand, our Company’s portfolio features 15 billion dollar brands including Diet Coke, Fanta, Sprite, Coca-Cola Zero, vitaminwater, Powerade, Minute Maid, Simply, Georgia and Del Valle. Globally, we are the No. 1 provider of sparkling beverages, ready-to-drink coffees, and juices and juice drinks. Through the world’s largest beverage distribution system, consumers in more than 200 countries enjoy our beverages at a rate of 1.8 billion servings a day. With an enduring commitment to building sustainable communities, our Company is focused on initiatives that reduce our environmental footprint, support active, healthy living, create a safe, inclusive work environment for our associates, and enhance the economic development of the communities where we operate. Together with our bottling partners, we rank among the world’s top 10 private employers with more than 700,000 system employees (Coca-Cola Journey, 2012 ). Major Customers PepsiCo is proud to offer consumers a wide range of products that deliver great taste, nutritional value, convenience and affordability. They’re committed to playing a responsible role in health and wellness by encouraging consumers to adopt healthy lifestyles, beginning with offering consumers a choice of a wide variety of products. PepsiCo is always finding innovative ways to reduce the use of energy, water and packaging, and to better serve consumer wants and needs through new products and packaging. Through continuously expand their distribution network to make their enjoyable products more widely available. PepsiCo works relentlessly to improve productivity so they can offer affordable products to a broad range of consumers (PepsiCo, 2012). Coca-Cola system is a global business that operates on a local scale, in every community where we do business. Coca-Cola is able to create global reach with local focus because of the strength of the Coca-Cola system, which comprises our Company and our nearly 300 bottling partners worldwide (Coca-Cola Journey, 2012 ). While many view our Company as simply â€Å"Coca-Cola,† our system operates through multiple local channels. Our Company manufactures and sells concentrates, beverage bases and syrups to bottling operations, owns the brands and is responsible for consumer brand marketing initiatives. Our bottling partners manufacture, package, merchandise and distribute the final branded beverages to our customers and vending partners, who then sell our products to consumers (Coca-Cola Journey, 2012 ). Major Suppliers Since 2007, PepsiCo has employed a Supplier Code of Conduct (ScoC) globally. The PepsiCo Supplier Code of Conduct communicates our global expectations in the areas of labor practices, associate health and safety, environmental management and business integrity (PepsiCo, 2012). Our Supplier Code is based on the International Labor Organization, United Nations Global Compact and other internationally recognized standards. The ScoC includes 13 standards that require suppliers to adhere to the following: basic compliance with local law, respect for human rights and prohibiting all forms of forced or compulsory labor, ensuring no child labor is used, and cooperating with reasonable assessment processes requested by PepsiCo. The ScoC is communicated in 19 languages, and is mandatory in procurement contracts globally (PepsiCo, 2012). Our suppliers and business partners are vital to our continued success. They help us refresh the world, more than 1.7 billion times every day, by delivering necessary products and services for our business (Coca-Cola Journey, 2012 ). Having a sound, stable and ethical supply base is important for our growth and the footprint we leave in local communities around the world. Our suppliers provide our system with materials, including ingredients, packaging and machinery, as well as goods and services. As a company, we have a responsibility to hold our direct suppliers and bottling partners to standards no less than those required by applicable law. We also have an opportunity to support community development by purchasing goods and services from minority- and women-owned business enterprises (MWBEs) (Coca-Cola Journey, 2012 ). Our suppliers are expected, at a minimum, to conduct business in an ethical manner and comply with all applicable laws and regulations. Our Supplier Guiding Principles (SGPs) communicate our values and expectations for our bottling partners and business partners. The SGPs are a part of all supplier agreements, and a pre-certification practice is in place for trademark marketing suppliers. Suppliers also are provided training and assistance programs on an as-needed basis for areas where they need to improve their operations (Coca-Cola Journey, 2012 ). Leadership In 2010, PepsiCo created the Global Sustainability team, whose role is to develop, implement and enforce standards to ensure consistency and quality in our sustainability reporting and ultimately accelerate our Performance with Purpose mission (PepsiCo, 2012). More specifically, an overall governance structure has been defined and implemented. This includes the creation of the Sustainability Steering Committee (SSC), made up of the most senior members of the organization (the majority report directly to our CEO), as well as the establishment of Sustainability Leadership Teams across all four planks, based on defined roles and selection criteria, and guided by PepsiCo’s Public Policy Coordinating Group (PepsiCo, 2012). The Performance Sustainability Leadership Team (PSLT), Human Sustainability Leadership Team (HSLT), Environmental Sustainability Leadership Team (ESLT) and Talent Sustainability Leadership Team (TSLT) are responsible for creating our overall strategy, driving implementation and identifying issues/risks, which are then communicated to the Sustainability Steering Committee (PepsiCo, 2012). Since our first soda fountain sales in 1886, we have been a driver of marketplace innovation and an investor in local economies. Today we lead the beverage industry with more than 500 beverage brands – including four of the world’s top-five sparkling brands. But while our business opportunities are enormous, our commitment to our consumers and the communities in which we operate is even greater (Coca-Cola Journey, 2012 ). Muhtar Kent, our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, leads us into the new century with a firm commitment to the values and spirit of the world’s greatest brand. In our journey to become a sustainable, profitable growth company, our management structure has evolved to sharpen external focus on the marketplace with greater speed, productivity and effectiveness (Coca-Cola Journey, 2012 ). Initial Public Offering An initial public offering yesterday by Pepsi Bottling Group Inc. provided a stark contrast to the pyrotechnics of recent Internet offerings. In a spinoff from its parent company, PepsiCo Inc., Pepsi Bottling sold 100 million shares at $23 each, for a total of $2.3 billion, which will be used to pay off debt. The initial offering price was settled at the low end of the estimated range of $23 to $26, an indication that prepricing demand was less than the company had anticipated. The stock closed at $21.6875 on the New York Stock Exchange. Analysts were quick to distinguish Pepsi Bottling Group’s offering from the string of highly successful recent Internet deals, whose phenomenal openings have conditioned investors into expecting huge first-day gains (Pepsi Spinoff in Lackluster Stock Offering, 1999). Initial public offering involves the first or initial sale of the corporation’s common shares to the public in the hope of raising additional revenues for the corporation. If you will apply in on the case of Coca Cola, the worldwide manufacturing and distribution of their carbonated drink products is the result of their IPO, which happened in 1919. A single share of Coca Cola is worth $40 dollars, yet the market value of their shares suddenly crashed to $19 per common share in 1920 (when they have undergone a secondary market offering). Despite of such crash in the market value of their common shares, Coca Cola managed to survive and extend operations to different regions around the world, particularly within the Asian and European regions. Different corporate entities later on affiliated with Coca Cola to further boost their revenue generation capabilities (Interesting Initial Public Offering of the Coca Cola Company and Its Worldwide Affiliate Units, 2010).

Is Google Evil? Essay -- Legal Case Monopoly

Google has proposed an agreement with representatives of authors and publishers to host a massive digital library. This library will consist of mostly books published in the United States. Google will make digitally available new and old books. This catalog will include books that are no longer in print and â€Å"orphan† texts (books where the copyright owner is unknown or contact information is unavailable).5 The texts will be available through search engines, for individual sale as electronic-books, and with database subscriptions. If the Google agreement is approved by the Justice Department, ethical issues would come into question. The issues addressed in this paper include whether the agreement creates a â€Å"legally sanctioned cartel for digital book rights†4 and if the public benefits outweigh the monopoly consequences. Google has the network, storage, man power and funding to make this digital library a possibility, yet is this justification enough to give one company so much concentrated power over information access? Using the utilitarian approach, arguments both for and against the Google library agreement can be supported. First the audience should be established. Authors and publishers could be financially affected by this agreement. They are represented as a whole by the Authors Guild and the Association of American Publishers. Both groups are working together to ensure that writers are not under compensated by Google and that publishing prices do not become too high. The Google company and its competitors are directly affected by the outcome of the agreement. Google will take on a huge expense in hopes to gain a reasonable profit. Competitors with equivalent capabilities, such as Microsoft and Amazon, have not expressed ... ...t there is no immediate need to settle for the current agreement. The Authors Guild and the Association of American Publishers should take time to incorporate preventative measures in the agreement. Given the substantial impact the digital library would make time should be taken to re-discuss terms of usage, include amendments and restrictions. References 1. E. HARRIS and R. JAMES, ENGR 482 Class Notes, Texas A&M University (Fall 2009). 2. HARRIS,PRITCHARD, RABINS, â€Å"Engineering Ethics†, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont (2009) 3. J. E. VASCELLARO and J. A. TRACHTENBERG, â€Å"Digital-Rights Signatories Revisit Google’s deal† , Wall Street Journal; wsj.com (October 29,2009) 4. S. SHANKLAND, â€Å"Google’s Digital-book Future Hangs in the Balance†, News.cnet.com (October 2009) 5. P. SCHRANK, â€Å"Google’s Big Book Case†, The Economist print edition (September 3rd 2009)

Vinegar as Alternative Battery

Vinegar as Alternative Battery An Investigatory Project Presented to The Faculty of the High School Department Surigao Education Center Km. 2, Surigao City _______________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Physics IV _______________________________________________ By: Edradan, Dhaniel Jefferson Yaun, Mary Allyssa Concon, Leonel Galos, Jancirfil Jimena, Rimar Villarojo, Kerr March 2013 APPROVAL SHEET Vinegar as Alternative BatteryPrepared & Submitted by MARY ALLYSSA YAUN, DHANIEL JEFFERSON EDRADAN, LEONEL CONCON, JANCIRFIL GALOS, RIMAR JIMENA, KERR VILLAROJO has been examined and is recommended for approval and acceptance for ORAL EXAMINATION. GIOVANNI P. DOSANO Adviser ————————————————- PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVED by the committee on ORAL EXAMINATION with the grade of__ on February 2013. ZALDY P. BELOY, Ph. D _______________ _____ _________ Member Member ___________________Member ACCEPTANCE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for SCIENCE IV Acknowledgement There are a lot of people the researchers would wish to thank for their generous and unselfish help in realization of this study. First and foremost, Almighty God for giving the researchers the patience and perseverance to tackle the study; To their parents who gave them their full support, financially and morally. To Sir Giovanni Dosano, who became the researchers great and dearly research paper adviser who patiently helped and encourage them finish the study.The researchers salute for the continuous help and guidance. And most especially, Sir Zaldy P. Beloy, Ph. D. for helping the researchers to understand revise and emphasize the importance of the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Pagei Approval Sheetii Acknowledgementiii Abstractiv Table of Contentsvi CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction4 Review and Related literatur e5 Statement of the Problem5 Significance of the Study5 Scope of Limitations5 Definition of Terms7-8 CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY Research Design9 Materials9 General Procedure9-10 Observation10Flow Chart of Methodology11 CHAPTER III: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS CHAPTER IV: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION Summary13 Findings13 Conclusion13 Recommendation13 References14 APPENDICES15 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction We all know that the world is now facing an energy crisis and everyone is trying to do something about that. Now you can show everyone that electrical energy or electricity can be made from air and vinegar. After all, vinegar are freely available everywhere. Battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy.It consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two  half-cellsconnected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which  anions  (negatively charged ions) migrate, i. e. , the  anode  or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which  cations  (positively charged ions) migrate, i. e. , the cathode  or po sitive electrode. In the  redox  reaction that powers the battery, cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode.The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the  electrolyte. Some cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes. A separator between half-cells allows ions to flow, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid and water. Acids donate H+ ions into a solution. The concentration of these ions is what determines whether a solution is a strong electrolyte (conductor) or a weak one. Since vinegar has a low concentration of acetic acid(about 5%) it only has a pH of only ~2. 4 and so is a weak acid.Review of Related Literature According to Doctor Sergey stated that vinegar have lots of electronic magnet cells that can because electricity will small megabytes. During the experimentation, the researchers found out that 4 pieces of calamodins are enough to light a certain bulb. It is also found out that a coin which is hot copper and copper wires are not the appropriate materials in making the experiment. Instead of the materials mentioned used the copper coin and alligator wire. The galvanized nail also matter in lightning the bulb. Use the 1. inches galvanized nail to balanced the flow of the current. Statement of the Problem The researchers aimed to answer the following: 1. How much amount of vinegar that can make the light emitting diode bulb light? 2. Can vinegar bean alternative battery? Significance of the Study This activity is done by the researcher with an important purpose. This activity is launched solely for the Fourth Year High school students of Surigao Education Center. Scope and Limitations This study focused only on commercial vinegar as an alternative source of energy. Definition of Terms Battery – a device consisting of one or more  electrochemical cells  that convert stored chemical  energy  into electrical energy. * Vinegar – a liquid substance consisting mainly of  acetic acid  (CH3CO2H) and  water, the acetic acid being produced through the  fermentation  of  ethanol by  acetic acid bacteria. * Electricity – is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of  electric charge. * Acids – is a substance which reacts with a  base * Electric Source – a  physical property  of  matter  that causes it to experience a  force  when near other electrically charged matter. Cat ion – the ion in an electrolyzed solution that migrates to the cathode;  broadly  :  a positively charged ion * Anion – the ion in an electrolyzed solution that migrates to the anode;  broadly  :  a negatively charged ion | | * Anode – the electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs: as * Cathode –   the electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs: * Current – a flow of electricity * Voltage – electric potential or potential difference expressed in  volts * Galvanized Nail – Galvanized  nails are a special type of  nail  used in construction.They have undergone a special galvanization  process, which involves covering them with a  zinc  coating in order to form a protective barrier. This barrier also works as a  sacrificial anode, which means the coating will dissolve before the metal inside does, if the barrier itself becomes damaged. * Copper Wire – Copper  has been used in  electric wiring  since the invention of the  electromagnet  and the  telegraph  in the 1820s. The invention of the  telep hone  in 1876 created further demand for copper wire as an electrical conductor. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Research DesignThe descriptive and experimental design was used in this study. Materials/Equipment * Vinegar (Commercial) * 1 meter Alligator Wires * 1. 5 inch Galvanized Nails * 1. 5 inch Copper wires * Tape * 2 Cups * Led bulb General Procedure A. Preparation on Materials 1. Prepare and check all the materials needed B. Set up the prepared materials 1. Share first the vinegar in packs 2. Fill the cups with vinegar 3. Then place a type at the top of the cups then put two different holes C. Connecting the wires 1. Attach the galvanized nail and copper wires both side. Do not allow the copper wire and galvanized nail touch each other. . Attach the alligator wire to the copper wires and galvanized nails 3. Attach the alligator clip to the bulb and it will light up. C1. Observation C2. Collection of Data C3. Tabulation C4. Evaluation C5. Conclusion Flow Chart of Methodology Conclus ion Tabulation Collection of Data Evaluation Observation Experimentation Setting up the Prepare Materials Preparation CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table. 1 TRIAL| AMOUNT OF VINEGAR| OBSERVATION| 1| 200 ml| The led bulb haven’t produced light| 2| 400 ml| The led bulb still haven’t produced light| 3| 800 ml| The led bulb produced little light| | 1000 ml| The led bulb produced great light| Based on the table above, the researchers first prepared in trial with the amount of vinegar 200ml but it does not make the led bulb light. On the second trial, they prepared 400ml but again it does not work. By the third trial, with the amount of 800ml of vinegar, it only produced a little amount of light on the led bulb. On their last trial, they tried to use more vinegar with the amount of 1000ml, and then it already made the led bulb produced great light. CHAPTER IV SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONSIn this chapter the researchers will be giving the summary of th e findings of their study. The conclusions on the different problems that arose and to the recommendations on the kinds of improvement their readers can do in the near future. Summary With the use of vinegar it is proven effective when the copper wire and galvanized nail is inserted in it. Based on the observation of the researchers through experimentation it was proven that Vinegar can be an alternative battery and can be a good source of electricity and further justified based on the result of the study.Findings Based on the experiment conducted, the following were the findings of the study: 1. With the amount of 1000ml of vinegar, it can make the led bulb light with the use also of galvanized nail and copper wire 2. Vinegar contains small amounts of acetic acid that can make the led bulb light Conclusions Based on the findings the researchers have conducted, the researchers therefore conclude that vinegar can be an alternative battery and a good example of producing light.With th e galvanized nail and copper wire as the negative and positive the two components shouldn’t be attach with other with the flow of electricity there should only be one direction Recommendations The experiment is easy, you can spend lesser. This is recommended to all the people. By this study, a lot of people can get and get idea how to save money, and energy at home. Someday, vinegar will be a source of electricity. The researchers also recommend this to the following: * Students – this can help them to be their guide anf for them to try something new and develop their skills in investigatory. Teachers – to take this as an example to the students for them to encourage themselves to discover other kinds of alternative battery. The researchers recommend two title of further studies: 1. â€Å"Animal Urine as Alternative battery† 2. â€Å"Vinegar as a battery for Calculator† REFERENCES http://tag. wonderhowto. com/vinegar-battery/ http://hilaroad. com/c amp/projects/lemon/vinegar_battery. html http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=pq9NuvdLZaU&feature=gv http://www. termpaperwarehouse. com/search_results. php? query=vinegar+alternative+battery+ APPENDICES Vinegar as Alternative Battery Vinegar as Alternative Battery An Investigatory Project Presented to The Faculty of the High School Department Surigao Education Center Km. 2, Surigao City _______________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Physics IV _______________________________________________ By: Edradan, Dhaniel Jefferson Yaun, Mary Allyssa Concon, Leonel Galos, Jancirfil Jimena, Rimar Villarojo, Kerr March 2013 APPROVAL SHEET Vinegar as Alternative BatteryPrepared & Submitted by MARY ALLYSSA YAUN, DHANIEL JEFFERSON EDRADAN, LEONEL CONCON, JANCIRFIL GALOS, RIMAR JIMENA, KERR VILLAROJO has been examined and is recommended for approval and acceptance for ORAL EXAMINATION. GIOVANNI P. DOSANO Adviser ————————————————- PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVED by the committee on ORAL EXAMINATION with the grade of__ on February 2013. ZALDY P. BELOY, Ph. D _______________ _____ _________ Member Member ___________________Member ACCEPTANCE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for SCIENCE IV Acknowledgement There are a lot of people the researchers would wish to thank for their generous and unselfish help in realization of this study. First and foremost, Almighty God for giving the researchers the patience and perseverance to tackle the study; To their parents who gave them their full support, financially and morally. To Sir Giovanni Dosano, who became the researchers great and dearly research paper adviser who patiently helped and encourage them finish the study.The researchers salute for the continuous help and guidance. And most especially, Sir Zaldy P. Beloy, Ph. D. for helping the researchers to understand revise and emphasize the importance of the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Pagei Approval Sheetii Acknowledgementiii Abstractiv Table of Contentsvi CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction4 Review and Related literatur e5 Statement of the Problem5 Significance of the Study5 Scope of Limitations5 Definition of Terms7-8 CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY Research Design9 Materials9 General Procedure9-10 Observation10Flow Chart of Methodology11 CHAPTER III: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS CHAPTER IV: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION Summary13 Findings13 Conclusion13 Recommendation13 References14 APPENDICES15 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction We all know that the world is now facing an energy crisis and everyone is trying to do something about that. Now you can show everyone that electrical energy or electricity can be made from air and vinegar. After all, vinegar are freely available everywhere. Battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy.It consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two  half-cellsconnected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which  anions  (negatively charged ions) migrate, i. e. , the  anode  or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which  cations  (positively charged ions) migrate, i. e. , the cathode  or po sitive electrode. In the  redox  reaction that powers the battery, cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode.The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the  electrolyte. Some cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes. A separator between half-cells allows ions to flow, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid and water. Acids donate H+ ions into a solution. The concentration of these ions is what determines whether a solution is a strong electrolyte (conductor) or a weak one. Since vinegar has a low concentration of acetic acid(about 5%) it only has a pH of only ~2. 4 and so is a weak acid.Review of Related Literature According to Doctor Sergey stated that vinegar have lots of electronic magnet cells that can because electricity will small megabytes. During the experimentation, the researchers found out that 4 pieces of calamodins are enough to light a certain bulb. It is also found out that a coin which is hot copper and copper wires are not the appropriate materials in making the experiment. Instead of the materials mentioned used the copper coin and alligator wire. The galvanized nail also matter in lightning the bulb. Use the 1. inches galvanized nail to balanced the flow of the current. Statement of the Problem The researchers aimed to answer the following: 1. How much amount of vinegar that can make the light emitting diode bulb light? 2. Can vinegar bean alternative battery? Significance of the Study This activity is done by the researcher with an important purpose. This activity is launched solely for the Fourth Year High school students of Surigao Education Center. Scope and Limitations This study focused only on commercial vinegar as an alternative source of energy. Definition of Terms Battery – a device consisting of one or more  electrochemical cells  that convert stored chemical  energy  into electrical energy. * Vinegar – a liquid substance consisting mainly of  acetic acid  (CH3CO2H) and  water, the acetic acid being produced through the  fermentation  of  ethanol by  acetic acid bacteria. * Electricity – is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of  electric charge. * Acids – is a substance which reacts with a  base * Electric Source – a  physical property  of  matter  that causes it to experience a  force  when near other electrically charged matter. Cat ion – the ion in an electrolyzed solution that migrates to the cathode;  broadly  :  a positively charged ion * Anion – the ion in an electrolyzed solution that migrates to the anode;  broadly  :  a negatively charged ion | | * Anode – the electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs: as * Cathode –   the electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs: * Current – a flow of electricity * Voltage – electric potential or potential difference expressed in  volts * Galvanized Nail – Galvanized  nails are a special type of  nail  used in construction.They have undergone a special galvanization  process, which involves covering them with a  zinc  coating in order to form a protective barrier. This barrier also works as a  sacrificial anode, which means the coating will dissolve before the metal inside does, if the barrier itself becomes damaged. * Copper Wire – Copper  has been used in  electric wiring  since the invention of the  electromagnet  and the  telegraph  in the 1820s. The invention of the  telep hone  in 1876 created further demand for copper wire as an electrical conductor. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Research DesignThe descriptive and experimental design was used in this study. Materials/Equipment * Vinegar (Commercial) * 1 meter Alligator Wires * 1. 5 inch Galvanized Nails * 1. 5 inch Copper wires * Tape * 2 Cups * Led bulb General Procedure A. Preparation on Materials 1. Prepare and check all the materials needed B. Set up the prepared materials 1. Share first the vinegar in packs 2. Fill the cups with vinegar 3. Then place a type at the top of the cups then put two different holes C. Connecting the wires 1. Attach the galvanized nail and copper wires both side. Do not allow the copper wire and galvanized nail touch each other. . Attach the alligator wire to the copper wires and galvanized nails 3. Attach the alligator clip to the bulb and it will light up. C1. Observation C2. Collection of Data C3. Tabulation C4. Evaluation C5. Conclusion Flow Chart of Methodology Conclus ion Tabulation Collection of Data Evaluation Observation Experimentation Setting up the Prepare Materials Preparation CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table. 1 TRIAL| AMOUNT OF VINEGAR| OBSERVATION| 1| 200 ml| The led bulb haven’t produced light| 2| 400 ml| The led bulb still haven’t produced light| 3| 800 ml| The led bulb produced little light| | 1000 ml| The led bulb produced great light| Based on the table above, the researchers first prepared in trial with the amount of vinegar 200ml but it does not make the led bulb light. On the second trial, they prepared 400ml but again it does not work. By the third trial, with the amount of 800ml of vinegar, it only produced a little amount of light on the led bulb. On their last trial, they tried to use more vinegar with the amount of 1000ml, and then it already made the led bulb produced great light. CHAPTER IV SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONSIn this chapter the researchers will be giving the summary of th e findings of their study. The conclusions on the different problems that arose and to the recommendations on the kinds of improvement their readers can do in the near future. Summary With the use of vinegar it is proven effective when the copper wire and galvanized nail is inserted in it. Based on the observation of the researchers through experimentation it was proven that Vinegar can be an alternative battery and can be a good source of electricity and further justified based on the result of the study.Findings Based on the experiment conducted, the following were the findings of the study: 1. With the amount of 1000ml of vinegar, it can make the led bulb light with the use also of galvanized nail and copper wire 2. Vinegar contains small amounts of acetic acid that can make the led bulb light Conclusions Based on the findings the researchers have conducted, the researchers therefore conclude that vinegar can be an alternative battery and a good example of producing light.With th e galvanized nail and copper wire as the negative and positive the two components shouldn’t be attach with other with the flow of electricity there should only be one direction Recommendations The experiment is easy, you can spend lesser. This is recommended to all the people. By this study, a lot of people can get and get idea how to save money, and energy at home. Someday, vinegar will be a source of electricity. The researchers also recommend this to the following: * Students – this can help them to be their guide anf for them to try something new and develop their skills in investigatory. Teachers – to take this as an example to the students for them to encourage themselves to discover other kinds of alternative battery. The researchers recommend two title of further studies: 1. â€Å"Animal Urine as Alternative battery† 2. â€Å"Vinegar as a battery for Calculator† REFERENCES http://tag. wonderhowto. com/vinegar-battery/ http://hilaroad. com/c amp/projects/lemon/vinegar_battery. html http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=pq9NuvdLZaU&feature=gv http://www. termpaperwarehouse. com/search_results. php? query=vinegar+alternative+battery+ APPENDICES